The intrinsic pathway involves increased permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane, releasing cytochrome c, which binds to Apaf-1 to form an apoptosome, activating caspase-9, and subsequently activating caspase-3, leading to programmed cell death
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced atherosclerosis is associated with bile acid metabolism
References Cohen, M
Elevated methylmalonic acid, but not vitamin B12, predicts all-cause mortality in hyperlipidemic adults
This review systematically introduces the antioxidant mechanism of NAC, analyzes the advancements in NAC-related research involving mesenchymal stem cells, precursor cells, innate immune cells and animal models, discusses its function using the classic oral microenvironment as an example, and places particular emphasis on the innovative applications of NAC-modified tissue engineering biomaterials